Lisbon - Wikipedia. Lisbon (Lisboa)Capital. Flag. Symbol. Official name: Munic. LAUConcelho/C. Anthony's Day)Wikimedia Commons: Lisbon. Website: http: //www. Lisbon (; Portuguese: Lisboa, IPA: . Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and the River Tagus. The westernmost areas of its metro area is the westernmost point of Continental Europe. Lisbon is recognised as a alpha- level global city by the Globalization and World Cities (Ga. WC) Study Group because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, international trade, education and tourism. Its GDP amounts to 9. USD and thus $3. 2,4. Julius Caesar made it a municipium called Felicitas Julia, adding to the name Olissipo. Ruled by a series of Germanic tribes from the 5th century, it was captured by the Moors in the 8th century. Romania in direct. Live Webcam Straja - Platoul Soarelui. Imagini din locuri pitoresti: partii de schi, malul marii, locuri de pescuit, orase importante, Bucuresti. Cartolina dalla vacanza. Design by Gio&Vi Mitopositano com - News Manciano - Saturnia - indexvecchia - index cogn - Hotels of the world - Agriturismi Vacanze. Omaggio a Mauroemme (alias MM), autore de 'I Quaderni di Tobia' Il bigliettaio entra in uno scompartimento. Uno alza gli occhi: "Deputato".In 1. 14. 7, the Crusaders under Afonso Henriquesreconquered the city and since then it has been a major political, economic and cultural centre of Portugal. Unlike most capital cities, Lisbon's status as the capital of Portugal has never been granted or confirmed officially – by statute or in written form. Its position as the capital has formed through constitutional convention, making its position as de facto capital a part of the Constitution of Portugal. Lisbon enjoys a Mediterranean climate. It has one of the warmest winters of any metropolis in Europe, with average temperatures 1. The typical summer season lasts about four months, from June to September, although also in April temperatures sometimes reach around 2.
Another conjecture based on ancient hydronymy suggests that the name of the settlement derived from the pre- Roman appellation for the Tagus river, Lisso or Lucio. Lisbon's name was written Ulyssippo in Latin by the geographer Pomponius Mela, a native of Hispania. It was later referred to as . Archaeological excavations made near the Castle of S. The defeat of Carthaginian forces by Scipio Africanus in Eastern Hispania allowed the pacification of the west, led by Consul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus. Decimus obtained the alliance of Olissipo (which sent men to fight alongside the Roman Legions against the northwestern Celtic tribes) by integrating it into the empire, as the Municipium Cives Romanorum Felicitas Julia. Local authorities were granted self- rule over a territory that extended 5. Roman citizenship, and it was then integrated with the Roman province of Lusitania (whose capital was Emerita Augusta). Lusitanian raids and rebellions during Roman occupation required the construction of a wall around the settlement. During Augustus' reign, the Romans also built a great theatre; the Cassian Baths (underneath Rua da Prata); temples to Jupiter, Diana, Cybele, Tethys and Idea Phrygiae (an uncommon cult from Asia Minor), in addition to temples to the Emperor; a large necropolis under Pra. Many of these ruins were first unearthed during the mid- 1. Pompeii made Roman archaeology fashionable among Europe's upper classes). The city prospered as piracy was eliminated and technological advances were introduced, consequently Felicitas Julia became a centre of trade with the Roman provinces of Britannia (particularly Cornwall) and the Rhine. Economically strong, Olissipo was known for its garum (a fish sauce highly prized by the elites of the empire and exported in amphorae to Rome), wine, salt and horse- breeding, while Roman culture permeated the hinterland. The city was connected by a broad road to Western Hispania's two other large cities, Bracara Augusta in the province of Tarraconensis (Portuguese Braga), and Emerita Augusta, the capital of Lusitania (M. The city was ruled by an oligarchical council dominated by two families, the Julii and the Cassiae, although regional authority was administered by the Roman Governor of Emerita or directly by Emperor Tiberius. Among the majority of Latin speakers lived a large minority of Greek traders and slaves. Around 8. 0 BC, the Roman Quintus Sertorius led a rebellion against the dictator Sulla. During this period, he organised the tribes of Lusitania and Hispania and was on the verge of forming an independent province in the Sertorian War when he was assassinated. Olissipo, like most great cities in the Western Empire, was a centre for the dissemination of Christianity. Its first attested Bishop was Potamius (c. Christians: Maxima, Verissimus and Eulalia of M. By the time of the Fall of Rome, Olissipo had become a notable Christian centre. Following the disintegration of the Roman Empire there were barbarian invasions; between 4. Sarmatians, Alans and Vandals. The Germanic Suebi, who established a kingdom in Gallaecia (modern Galicia and northern Portugal), with its capital in Bracara Augusta, also controlled the region of Lisbon until 5. In 5. 85, the Suebi Kingdom was integrated into the Germanic Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo, which comprised all of the Iberian Peninsula: Lisbon was then called Ulishbona. Middle Ages. These conquerors, who were mostly Berbers and Arabs from North Africa and the Middle East, built many mosques and houses, rebuilt the city wall (known as the Cerca Moura) and established administrative control, while permitting the diverse population (Muladi, Mozarabs, Berbers, Arabs, Jews, Zanj and Saqaliba) to maintain their socio- cultural lifestyles. Mozarabic was the native language spoken by most of the Christian population although Arabic was widely known as spoken by all religious communities. Islam was the official religion practised by the Arabs, Berbers, Zanj, Saqaliba and Muladi (muwalladun). The Muslim influence is still visible present in the Alfama district, an old quarter of Lisbon that survived the 1. Lisbon earthquake: many place- names are derived from Arabic and the Alfama (the oldest existing district of Lisbon) was derived from the Arabic . The city, with around 1. Christian rule. The reconquest of Portugal and re- establishment of Christianity is one of the most significant events in Lisbon's history, described in the chronicle Expugnatione Lyxbonensi, which describes, among other incidents, how the local bishop was killed by the crusaders and the city's residents prayed to the Virgin Mary as it happened. Some of the Muslim residents converted to Roman Catholicism, and many of those who did not convert fled to other parts of the Islamic world, primarily Muslim Spain and North Africa. All mosques were either destroyed or converted into churches. As a result of the end of Muslim rule, spoken Arabic gradually lost its place in the everyday life of the city and disappeared altogether. With its central location, Lisbon became the capital city of the new Portuguese territory in 1. The first Portuguese university was founded in Lisbon in 1. King Denis I; for many years the Studium Generale (General Study) was transferred intermittently to Coimbra, where it was installed permanently in the 1. University of Coimbra. In 1. 38. 4, the city was besieged by King Juan I of Castille, as a part of the ongoing 1. Crisis. The result of the siege was a victory for the Portuguese led by Nuno . In 1. 50. 6, 3,0. Jews were massacred in Lisbon. This period saw the rise of the exuberant Manueline style in architecture, which left its mark in many 1. Lisbon's Bel. A description of Lisbon in the 1. Dami. The Portuguese Restoration War, which began with a coup d'. The period from 1. Portugal and Spain, as well as short episodes of more serious warfare, until the Treaty of Lisbon was signed in 1. In the early 1. 8th century, gold from Brazil allowed King John V to sponsor the building of several Baroque churches and theatres in the city. Prior to the 1. 8th century, Lisbon had experienced several significant earthquakes – eight in the 1. On 1 November 1. 75. Lisbon residents. In coastal areas, such as Peniche, situated about 8. Lisbon, many people were killed by the following tsunami. By 1. 75. 5, Lisbon was one of the largest cities in Europe; the catastrophic event shocked the whole of Europe and left a deep impression on its collective psyche. Voltaire wrote a long poem, Po. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. Instead of rebuilding the medieval town, Pombal decided to demolish what remained after the earthquake and rebuild the city centre in accordance with principles of modern urban design. It was reconstructed in an open rectangular plan with two great squares: the Pra. The first, the central commercial district, is the traditional gathering place of the city and the location of the older caf. By the time the new King returned to Lisbon, many of the buildings and properties were pillaged, sacked or destroyed by the invaders. During the 1. 9th century, the Liberal movement introduced new changes into the urban landscape. The principal areas were in the Baixa and along the Chiado district, where shops, tobacconists shops, caf. The development of industry and commerce determined the growth of the city, seeing the transformation of the Passeio P. Today there are two public universities in the city (University of Lisbon and New University of Lisbon), a public university institute (ISCTE - Lisbon University Institute) and a polytechnic institute (IPL – Instituto Polit. More than 1. 00,0. Nazi Germany via Lisbon. New residential and public developments were constructed; the zone of Bel. The inauguration of the bridge over the Tagus allowed rapid connection between both sides of the river. Lisbon was the site of three revolutions in the 2. The first, the 5 October 1. Portuguese monarchy and established the highly unstable and corrupt Portuguese First Republic. The 6 June 1. 92. Estado Novo, or the Portuguese Second Republic, as the ruling regime. The final revolution, the Carnation Revolution, would take place on 2. April 1. 97. 4 and would end the right- wing Estado Novo and reform the country as the current Portuguese Third Republic.
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